I do not know the name of this function, but suppose cell A1 = "A", cell B1 = "45", A2 = "B", B2 = "48" and so the whole alphabet. It is necessary, when typing the character B in cell C1 so that the answer = 48 is displayed in cell D1.
That is, each letter of the alphabet has its own meaning (option), and when you enter a letter so that an option appears in the desired cell.