Does this affect the speed of loading / processing by JS browser: will it be faster or not?
Faster than what? What to compare?
The download speed is affected by the size of the js script. If it is not gigantic and it is convenient for you to have one script, then I would advise not to break it into separate scripts. It's just more convenient for the browser to load one script than several.
This check will not affect the processing speed. The browser executes the script only when it is requested and only the part that is requested.
For example, if 'if (5> 3 && 4 <3 && ...) ...' the browser will not check for the rest, the more it will process the action in case of truth.
So you can safely use your design. But it may be more convenient to use the switch statement.