if you post something there, it means there is some script in some language, or a cgi file that probably handles a POST request (otherwise why make a POST request)
if an error occurs in the script, it simply issues a header with an error of 500 and terminates, for the server in this case everything is OK, the error has not reached it, therefore nothing is written to the error log. If he spat a mistake on the server, you would notice it.
those. you have a problem not with the server, but with the code / script / process to which the Apache sends a request.
when you tell us what the process / script is, etc. and at the same time you put the right tags, then we can answer where the error is. but now you can only say that yes, there is no error in the server itself. it's just a name like "server side error", but it happens not in apache, but in the code that handles the request.