The short answer is: it is impossible to do it on pure css. Need to use javascript.
Long answer:
The characters in the text are not DOM elements. In css, there are pseudo-elements that are used to style something that is not an independent element. Examples: :: before, :: after, :: first-letter. For example, with the help of :: first-letter you can stylize the first character of an element, with the help of :: first-line - the first line, etc. The full list here
Theoretically, if the pseudo-element :: caps-letter existed, one could set the style for capital letters in the text. But there is no such element. Therefore, using css is impossible to do.
Stylus is just syntactic sugar for css generation. Therefore, what can not be done on css, can not be done on Stylus.
Javascript allows you to create and replace DOM elements. With it, you can replace the contents of the label, displaying each capital letter in the span, which is assigned the desired style.