This is a pure front-end thing, apache (or any other web server has nothing to do with it). Such a link, without a scheme, tells the browser to use the same protocol that it used to access the page on which this link is located.
Example:
On the site example.org is a page some_page.html , it has a link <a href='//example.com/another_page.html'>click me</a> (pay attention: another domain).
If you refer to the page at http://example.org/some_page.html then click on the link will send a request to http ( http://example.com/another_page.html ).
If you refer to the page at https://example.org/some_page.html then click on the link will send a request to https ( https://example.com/another_page.html ).
This is <a href> not only for <a href> , but also for any other places where url used (loading images, styles, scripts etc). Perhaps there are rare exceptions, I do not remember, it is worth clarifying.
The meaning is this: there is no need to download additional resources (styles, scripts, images) via https if the main page is still loaded via http and its content can modify the "man in the middle" as you like. On the other hand, it is not reasonable (and often simply impossible) to upload resources via http to a page downloaded via https .